Little patients: Younger and younger children are being brought in for extensive dental surgery across the U.S. because of lax dental hygiene.
The patients having serious dental surgery to treat progressively rotting teeth are getting younger and younger across the United States.
More and more preschool-aged children have to undergo serious dental surgery to remove multiple cavities- including a number of children who have had decay in up to 16 of their 20 baby teeth.
Efforts to study the development and function of the human cerebral cortex in health and disease have been limited by the availability of model systems. Extrapolating from our understanding of rodent cortical development, we have developed a robust, multistep process for human cortical development from pluripotent stem cells: directed differentiation of human embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to cortical stem and progenitor cells, followed by an extended period of cortical neurogenesis, neuronal terminal differentiation to acquire mature electrophysiological properties, and functional excitatory synaptic network formation. We found that induction of cortical neuroepithelial stem cells from human ES cells and human iPS cells was dependent on retinoid signaling. Furthermore, human ES cell and iPS cell differentiation to cerebral cortex recapitulated in vivo development to generate all classes of cortical projection neurons in a fixed temporal order. This system enables functional studies of human cerebral cortex development and the generation of individual-specific cortical networks ex vivo for disease modeling and therapeutic purposes.
When kids loose their baby teeth, they are the cutest thing ever.
Wiggling their tooth loose until finally from either eating an apple or bumping into something, their tooth falls out.
When they smile, their mouth reveals countless teeth missing, gaps here and there, but it’s the cutest…
Physiology lab, working with mr Frogg’s muscle
My dentist gave me this after my surgery, so cute.
